Rufous vs. Allen’s Hummingbirds: Telling Them Apart
Hummingbirds are some of the most fascinating birds to observe, with their iridescent colors, rapid wingbeats, and extraordinary courtship displays. Among the many species, Rufous and Allen’s hummingbirds often perplex bird enthusiasts due to their striking similarities. While they may appear almost identical at first glance, close observation reveals differences in coloration, tail feathers, habitat preferences, and migratory patterns. This in-depth guide will help you master the art of distinguishing these two species, enhancing your birdwatching skills and appreciation for nature.
Physical Differences: Rufous vs. Allen’s Hummingbirds
1. General Coloration:
Rufous hummingbirds (Selasphorus rufus) are primarily recognized for their warm, coppery-red plumage, particularly on their back, throat, and tail. In contrast, Allen’s hummingbirds (Selasphorus sasin) sport a more balanced combination of green and orange. Males of the Allen’s species typically have a vibrant green back and an orange-red gorget (throat patch), making them slightly less uniform in coloration than Rufous males.
For females, the differences are more subtle. Female Rufous hummingbirds often have an orange tint on their flanks and tails, while Allen’s females have a greener hue overall. When observing these birds, lighting and angles can play tricks, so patience and sharp attention are key.
2. Tail Feather Shape and Size:
One of the most definitive physical differences lies in their tail feathers. Rufous hummingbirds possess broad, distinctly shaped outer tail feathers, while Allen’s hummingbirds have narrower outer tail feathers. Observing these details can be tricky unless the bird is in flight or perches in a way that fans its tail feathers, offering a clear view.
3. Back and Rump Variations:
While male Rufous hummingbirds generally have a solid orange back, some individuals may display patches of green. This green-backed variation can closely resemble Allen’s hummingbirds, adding to the identification challenge. Allen’s males, however, consistently feature a green back. Birders need to pay close attention to both coloration and behavior when determining the species.
Behavioral Differences Between Rufous and Allen’s Hummingbirds
Behavioral cues can provide excellent indicators for distinguishing these two species.
1. Territoriality:
Rufous hummingbirds are known for their bold and aggressive nature. They fiercely defend feeding areas, often chasing away larger birds or even small mammals. Allen’s hummingbirds are territorial too, but their aggression is more subdued compared to the relentless nature of Rufous hummingbirds. If you spot a particularly combative hummingbird at your feeder, there’s a good chance it’s a Rufous.
2. Courtship Displays:
Both species engage in elaborate courtship displays to attract mates. The Rufous hummingbird performs a breathtaking “J-shaped” dive, where the male loops in a dramatic arc, flashing his iridescent gorget as he reaches the lowest point. Allen’s hummingbirds, on the other hand, prefer pendulum-like flight patterns during their display, creating a mesmerizing back-and-forth motion. These displays are not only spectacular but also serve as key identifiers during the breeding season.
3. Feeding Habits:
Both Rufous and Allen’s hummingbirds feed on nectar from tubular flowers and small insects. However, Rufous hummingbirds are more persistent in dominating feeders, often displacing other hummingbirds. Observing the feeding behavior at a well-stocked feeder may offer clues about which species you’re encountering.
Habitat Preferences and Distribution
Habitat and location are two of the most reliable indicators of whether you’re seeing a Rufous or Allen’s hummingbird.
1. Rufous Hummingbird Habitat:
Rufous hummingbirds inhabit diverse environments, ranging from mountain meadows to forest edges. During migration, they are often seen in residential gardens, especially if hummingbird feeders and native flowering plants are present. Their range extends from southern Oregon to Alaska during the breeding season and south to Mexico for wintering.
2. Allen’s Hummingbird Habitat:
Allen’s hummingbirds are more geographically restricted, primarily residing along the Pacific Coast, from Southern California to Oregon. They prefer chaparral, coastal scrub, and open woodlands. They are rarely found far inland, making habitat a critical identifier when observing hummingbirds along the West Coast.
Migration Patterns and Timelines
The migration routes and ranges of these two species further differentiate them.
1. Rufous Migration Patterns:
Rufous hummingbirds are long-distance migrators, traveling up to 3,000 miles annually. Their northbound journey in the spring takes them as far as Alaska, making them one of the most widespread hummingbird species during migration.
2. Allen’s Migration Patterns:
Allen’s hummingbirds have a much smaller migratory range. Some populations are year-round residents in Southern California, while migratory populations move to Mexico during the winter. Their predictable range makes identification easier for birders in these specific regions.
Conservation Status
Both species face threats from habitat loss, climate change, and competition for resources. Rufous hummingbirds, in particular, are listed as “Near Threatened” due to their declining population. Protecting natural habitats, planting native flowering plants, and maintaining clean feeders can help support these birds.
Tips for Identifying Rufous and Allen’s Hummingbirds in the Wild
Use High-Quality Optics: A good pair of binoculars or a spotting scope can help you see finer details like tail feather shape and coloration.
Observe Their Behavior: Note their territoriality, feeding habits, and courtship displays.
Consider Location and Season: Rufous hummingbirds are more likely seen inland and at higher altitudes, while Allen’s stick closer to the Pacific Coast.
Photograph and Analyze: Capture photos and compare them to identification guides or apps for a more detailed analysis.
By carefully observing these features and behaviors, bird enthusiasts can confidently differentiate Rufous and Allen’s hummingbirds. Whether you’re a casual birder or a seasoned expert, understanding the nuances of these species adds depth to the joy of birdwatching.